Constantine The African

Constantine the African, Latin Constantinus Africanus, (born c. 1020, Carthage or Sicily—died 1087, monastery of Monte Cassino, near Cassino, Principality of Benevento [now in Italy]), medieval medical scholar who initiated the translation of Arabic medical works into Latin, a development that profoundly influenced Western thought.

Constantine possessed an excellent knowledge of Greek, Latin, Arabic, and several additional languages acquired during his extensive travels in Syria, India, Ethiopia, Egypt, and Persia. He studied at the University of Salerno, Europe’s first organized medical school, and entered Monte Cassino, the monastery founded by St. Benedict in 529. At the monastery he translated 37 books from Arabic into Latin, including two treatises by Isaac Israeli, or Isaac the Jew, the Andalusian caliphate’s greatest physician. Constantine’s most important accomplishment was introducing the West to the Islamic world’s extensive knowledge of Greek medicine, represented principally by his Pantechne (“The Total Art”), which was an abbreviated version of the Kitāb al-malikī (“The Royal Book”) by the 10th-century Persian physician ʿAlī ibn al-ʿAbbās, or Haly Abbas. Constantine also translated Arabic editions of works by the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen. These translations were the first works that gave the West a view of Greek medicine as a whole.

Constantine’s translations spread through Europe with extraordinary rapidity, and they had an immense influence on the ages that followed. Although more accurate, polished translations were available soon after Constantine died, his work was studied by European scholars until the 16th century.