Cavafy, Constantine P.

Constantine P. Cavafy, English in full Constantine Petrou Cavafy, pseudonym of Konstantínos Pétrou Kaváfis, (born April 29, 1863, Alexandria, Egypt—died April 29, 1933, Alexandria), Greek poet who developed his own consciously individual style and thus became one of the most important figures not only in Greek poetry but in Western poetry as well. He lived most of his life in Alexandria, Egypt, loved English and French literature, and generally spoke English; even his Greek had a British accent.

Cavafy’s parents were both from the Greek community in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). His father, a merchant in the import-export business, worked in Constantinople and England, establishing a firm with his brother George, The family eventually settled in Alexandria, where Constantine was born. Cavafy’s father died suddenly in 1870, and two years later Cavafy’s mother moved with her sons to England. The branch offices that had been established in Liverpool and London declined and failed, and after some seven years most of the family returned to Alexandria. They were once again uprooted in 1882, when the British bombarded the city and then occupied it.

The years Cavafy spent in England during his youth were instrumental in the formation of his cosmopolitan character. He wrote much but was his own harshest critic, publishing only about 200 poems. His most important poetry was written after his 40th year, and with some justification he called himself a “poet of old age.” A skeptic, he denied or ridiculed traditional values of Christianity, patriotism, and heterosexuality, though he was ill at ease with his own nonconformity. His language is a mixture of the refined and stilted Greek called Katharevusa, inherited from the Byzantines, and the Demotic, or spoken, tongue. His style and tone are intimate and realistic. The lyric treatment he gave to familiar historical themes made him popular and influential after his death.

He became known to English readers from the many references to his work in Lawrence Durrell’s The Alexandria Quartet. Cavafy’s poems were first published without date before World War II and reprinted in 1949. English translations of his work are numerous and include The Poems of C.P. Cavafy (1951), The Complete Poems of Cavafy (1961, expanded ed. 1976), and The Collected Poems of C.P. Cavafy (2006). Collected Poems (2009) and The Unfinished Poems (2009), both translated by Daniel Mendelsohn, are together a definitive collection in English of Cavafy’s published and unpublished works.