Dąbrowska, Maria

Maria Dąbrowska, née Marja Szumska, (born October 6, 1889, Russów, Poland—died May 19, 1965, Warsaw), Polish novelist and critic, a major 20th-century writer and moral authority.

Born into a relatively impecunious family of landowners, Dąbrowska was educated in Poland, at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, and then in Belgium. Afterward, she lived in France and Great Britain until World War II. In 1909 she had begun to write articles for Polish newspapers on political and economic reform and on the cooperative movement, subjects that continued to engage her throughout her life. Her first significant short story, “Janek,” was published in 1914. She subsequently published several collections of short stories, including Uśmiech dzieciństwa (1923; “The Smile of Childhood”), Ludzie stamtąd (1926; “Folks from Over Yonder”), which exhibited her lifelong interest in the peasantry, and Znaki życia (1938; “Signs of Life”). A later volume of stories, Gwiazda zaranna (1955; “The Morning Star”), which contained the much-anthologized “Na wsi wesele” (“A Village Wedding”), was published in English as A Village Wedding, and Other Stories.

During the 1930s Dąbrowska’s early, journalistic interest in cooperatives took a new form with the publication of the first volume of her classic four-part novel Noce i dnie (1932–34; “Nights and Days,” filmed 1975). Often compared to other acclaimed family sagas (such as Thomas Mann’s Buddenbrooks and John Galsworthy’s Forsyte Saga), Noce i dnie relates the story of Bogumił and Barbara (both of whom were born of landowning families whose fortunes are declining) from courtship through their marriage and the birth of their children to old age and Bogumił’s death (the years 1863–1914). Each of the major characters is forced to redefine personal values within a changing society. Dąbrowska’s theme of the human potential for development within uncertain circumstances is subtly and profoundly wrought.

In addition to her masterwork and her short stories, Dąbrowska wrote two historical plays. She also wrote a number of essays, including a series of critical essays on the Polish-born English author Joseph Conrad, Szkice o Conradzie (1959; “Essays on Conrad”), and she translated into Polish many foreign-language works, notably the diary of the 17th-century Englishman Samuel Pepys.

Dąbrowska continued to be active in political and social issues throughout her life; in 1964, with 33 other Polish writers and scholars, she signed a letter of protest against communist censorship. Despite her political stance, Dąbrowska was respected by the government as well as by Polish readers; after her death she was given a state funeral. Przygody człowieka myślącego (“Adventures of a Thinker”), a novel she left unfinished at her death, was published in 1970. Her diaries—Dzienniki, 7 vol. (1999), covering the years 1914–65—provide vital comments on Dąbrowska’s intellectual life and her work, as well as on the social and political scene in Poland.

Dąbrowska was a towering figure in Polish literature through most of the 20th century, both as an artist and as a moral authority. Her stance, particularly in the volatile 1950s, displayed unbending integrity, which was reflected in her fiction and in her diaries, an important commentary on the society and its intellectual elite.