Dahlgren, John Adolphus Bernard

John Adolphus Bernard Dahlgren, (born Nov. 13, 1809, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.—died July 12, 1870, Washington, D.C.), American inventor of the smooth-bore cannon that was, from its shape, familiarly known as the “soda-water bottle.” The shape resulted from a design in which the thickness of metal was varied to match the differences in internal pressure occurring when the cannon was fired. The pressures were determined by boring holes in the walls of the gun and inserting as gauges such objects as pistons or musket balls. Dahlgren’s cannons were widely used in the American Civil War.

Dahlgren entered the U.S. Navy in 1826 and in 1847 became ordnance officer at the Washington Navy Yard, where he established a full-fledged ordnance department and began manufacturing cannon of his new type. His cannon were first mounted in an experimental vessel that cruised (1857–59) under his command. When the Civil War broke out, he was one of three officers in the Washington Navy Yard who did not resign because of Confederate sympathies. Promoted to captain, he saw active sea duty and in 1863 became a rear admiral. He was in command of the Washington Navy Yard at the time of his death.