Ferraris, Galileo

Galileo Ferraris, (born Oct. 31, 1847, Livorno Vercellese, Kingdom of Sardinia [now in Italy]—died Feb. 7, 1897, Turin, Italy), Italian physicist who established the basic principle of the induction motor, which is now the principal device for the conversion of electrical power to mechanical power.

Ferraris was the son of a pharmacist and the nephew of a Turin physician, to whom he was sent at age 10 and who supervised his education in the classics and the sciences. He was a graduate of the University of Turin and the Scuola d’Applicazione of Turin. While teaching physics he conducted research into light and optics, and the study of optical phase differences in light waves led him to look into similar phenomena in other forms of radiation and into magnetism.

Ferraris devised a motor using electromagnets at right angles and powered by alternating currents that were 90° out of phase, thus producing a revolving magnetic field. The direction of the motor could be reversed by reversing the polarity of one of the currents. The principle made possible the development of the asynchronous, self-starting induction motor that is widely used today.

Believing that the scientific and intellectual values of new developments far outstripped material values, Ferraris deliberately did not patent his invention. He demonstrated it freely in his own laboratory to all comers. Meanwhile, others came independently to the same principle—among them Nikola Tesla, who applied and patented it. Ferraris was also an early advocate of alternating-current distribution systems for electrical power.