Boutonneuse Fever

boutonneuse fever, French fièvre boutonneuse, also called Marseilles fever, Kenya tick typhus, or Mediterranean spotted fever, a mild typhuslike fever caused by the bacterium Rickettsia conorii conorii and transmitted by the dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The disease is endemic to the Mediterranean region. Similar forms of boutonneuse fever occur in Africa, India, and southern Europe but are caused by different subspecies of R. conorii—for example, Indian tick typhus, caused by R. conorii indica, and Astrakhan fever, caused by R. conorii caspia. Boutonneuse fever was first described in 1910 in Tunisia.

The reservoir for R. conorii conorii probably exists in nature in the lower animals, but the dog is apparently a major source of infection. The course of the disease is somewhat similar to Rocky Mountain spotted fever, but it is milder. Boutonneuse fever typically begins with high fever, chills, muscle ache, joint pain, light sensitivity, and headache, with symptom onset about one week following infection. Several days later a rash appears, usually covering most of the body. A primary lesion, or tâche noire (“black spot”), is often found at the site of the infecting tick bite and, therefore, on any part of the body, but it is usually on a part covered by clothing. Older persons and those with a weakened immune system may develop more severe symptoms, which can include jaundice, pneumonia, or neurological complications, such as meningitis.

Boutonneuse fever can be treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or clarithromycin. Most affected persons recover without incident; mortality from boutonneuse fever is low, about 2 to 5 percent. The disease can be prevented by avoiding tick bites and contact with dogs in regions where the infectious organism is endemic.