Hedayat, Sadeq

Sadeq Hedayat, also spelled Ṣādeq-e Hedāyat or Sadiq Hidayat, (born February 17, 1903, Tehrān, Iran—died April 4, 1951, Paris, France), Iranian author who introduced modernist techniques into Persian fiction. He is considered one of the greatest Iranian writers of the 20th century.

Born into a prominent aristocratic family, Hedayat was educated first in Tehrān and then studied dentistry and engineering in France and Belgium. After coming into contact with the leading intellectual figures of Europe, Hedayat abandoned his studies for literature.

He was intensely drawn to the works of Edgar Allan Poe, Guy de Maupassant, Rainer Maria Rilke, Franz Kafka, Anton Chekhov, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Hedayat translated into Persian many of Kafka’s works, including In the Penal Colony, for which he wrote a revealing introduction called “Payām-e Kafka” (“Kafka’s Message”). He returned to Iran in 1930 after four years and published his first book of short stories, Zendeh be gūr (1930; “Buried Alive”), and the first of three plays, Parvīn dokhtar-e Sāsān (“Parvin, Daughter of Sasan”). These he followed with the prose works Sāyeh-ye Moghol (1931; “Mongol Shadow”) and Sē qaṭreh-khūn (1932; “Three Drops of Blood”).

Hedayat was the central figure in Tehrān intellectual circles and belonged to the antimonarchical, anti-Islamic literary group known as the Four (which also included Buzurg ʿAlavī). He began to develop a strong interest in Iranian folklore and published Osāneh (1931), a collection of popular songs, and Nīrangestān (1932). In these, Hedayat greatly enriched Persian prose and influenced younger writers through his use of folk expressions. He also wrote a number of critical articles and translated the works of leading European authors, Chekhov and Jean-Paul Sartre among them. He began to study history, beginning with the Sāsānian period (224–651) and the Pahlavi, or Middle Persian, language, and he used this study in later fiction. In 1936–37 he went to Bombay (now Mumbai) to live in the Parsi Zoroastrian community there, in order to further his knowledge of the ancient Iranian religion.

One of Hedayat’s most famous novels, Būf-e Kūr (1937; The Blind Owl), is profoundly pessimistic and Kafkaesque. A deeply melancholy man, he lived with a vision of the absurdity of human existence and his inability to effect a change for the good in Iran. He withdrew from his friends and began to seek escape from his sense of futility in drugs and alcohol. In 1951, overwhelmed by despair, he left Tehrān and went to Paris, where he took his own life.

Among Hedayat’s books published in English are Haji Agha: Portrait of an Iranian Confidence Man (1979), Sadeq Hedayat: An Anthology (1979; short stories), and The Myth of Creation (1998; drama).