Hesperornis

Hesperornis, (genus Hesperornis), extinct birds found as fossils in Late Cretaceous Period deposits dating from 99.6 million to 65.5 million years ago; this bird is known mostly from the Great Plains region of the United States, but some remains have been found as far north as Alaska. Hesperornis was primitive in that teeth were present in the lower jaw; the rear portion of the upper jaw also had teeth. This evidence suggests that the horny beak characteristic of today’s birds had not yet evolved in Hesperornis.

Hesperornis was clearly an actively swimming bird that probably chased and caught fish. Although unrelated to today’s loons (order Gaviiformes), many of Hesperornis’s skeletal features resembled those of loons, and, like loons, Hesperornis is thought to have been a good diver. The wings were small and useless for flight, and the wing bones were splintlike. The breastbone lacked the prominent keel that serves as an anchor for powering flight muscles. The legs, however, were powerfully developed and clearly adapted for rapid diving and swimming through water. The neck was slender and the head long and tapered; both were probably capable of rapid side-to-side movement.