Holland, John Philip

John Philip Holland, (born February 24Clare, Ireland—died August 12, 1914, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.), Irish-born inventor who was the father of the modern submarine. He designed and built the first underwater vessel accepted by the U.S. Navy.

There is some uncertainty about Holland’s birth date. Sources give various days in February, and his birth year has been listed as 1840, 1841, or 1842. According to census records, however, he was born in 1841. Educated at Limerick, Holland taught school until 1872 in Ireland and in 1873 emigrated to the United States. Settling in Paterson, New Jersey, he taught there until 1879, when, with financial support from the Irish Fenian Society (who hoped to use submarines against England), he built the Fenian Ram, a small sub that proved a limited success in a test run. In 1895 his J.P. Holland Torpedo Boat Company received a contract from the U.S. Navy to build a submarine, and in 1898 a successful Holland, the first truly practical submarine, was launched. The U.S. government ordered six more; similar orders came from England, Japan, and Russia. Holland’s final years were marked by litigation with his financial backers. One of his last inventions was an apparatus designed to enable sailors to escape from damaged submarines.