Hotan

Hotan

Hotan, Wade-Giles romanization Ho-t’ien, conventional Khotan, oasis town, southwestern Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, far western China. Hotan forms a county-level city and is the administrative centre of the Hotan prefecture (diqu), which administers a string of counties based on the oases along the southern edge of the Takla Makan Desert.

The oasis of Hotan, the largest of these, includes Karakax (Moyu), to the northwest, and Luopu (Lop), to the east. The oasis is watered by the Karakax (Kalakashi) and Yurungkax (Yulongkashi) rivers, which flow from the high Kunlun Mountains to the south. They join in the north of the oasis to form the Hotan (Khotan) River, which discharges into the desert to the north. The rivers have their maximum flow during summer and are almost dry for much of the year.

Hotan first came into contact with China during the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce). During the Xi (Western) Han (206 bce–25 ce), the explorer Zhang Qian twice served as an envoy to the western region (139 and 119 bce), and on his second mission he sent his deputy to Yutian (present-day Hotan). During the expeditions of the Dong (Eastern) Han (25–220 ce) into Central Asia, led by the general Ban Chao, Hotan was conquered for a time in the late 1st century ce. In those early times the area was inhabited by an Aryan people known to the Chinese as the Vijaya, who spoke an Indo-European language and were much influenced by the culture of northern India and Afghanistan. Their kingdom represented an important post on the Silk Road from China to the West (via the Pamirs) and also to India. It was both a major commercial centre and one of the principal places through which Buddhism reached northern China. The Chinese again took Hotan when the expansionist policy of the Tang dynasty (618–907) took Chinese armies into the Tarim Basin in the 630s. Disputed by the Tibetans from the south for a while, the Tang government established the government general of Bisha (the Chinese transcription for Vijaya) there. This was destroyed at the time of the Chinese retreat from Central Asia after their defeat by the Arabs on the Talas River (now in Kazakhstan) in 752.

In the 10th century Hotan was conquered by the neighbouring oasis-state of Kashgar (Kashi), part of the Uighur empire, and in the 12th century it was taken by the Xi Xia dynasty (Tangut peoples). In 1219 it was overrun by the Mongols. It was already famous in China in the 8th century for its fine fabrics and its sophistication, and, when the Venetian traveler Marco Polo visited it in 1274, he noted its importance as a trading centre and its agricultural wealth, particularly its fine cotton. Restored to Chinese control in the mid-18th century, Hotan played a major part in the Muslim Rebellion against the Chinese beginning in 1862 and was one of the last places to be recaptured by Chinese forces in 1878.

The oasis is a long-established centre of carefully irrigated cultivation. Corn (maize), wheat, rice, and millet are the staple grains. Cotton is intensively grown, and the area produces much fruit, including mulberries. It has a well-established textile industry, producing silks and cotton fabrics. Local herds produce fine wool that is used for making carpets and felt goods. The area is a source for a limited amount of alluvial gold and is famous throughout East Asia as the major source of jade. It is also famous for its metalwork and jewelry. Highways connect Hotan to Anxi (in Gansu province) on the east and to Kashgar on the west. There is air service between Hotan and Ürümqi, the capital of Xinjiang. Pop. (2000) 101,750.