Hydrometallurgy

hydrometallurgy, extraction of metal from ore by preparing an aqueous solution of a salt of the metal and recovering the metal from the solution. The operations usually involved are leaching, or dissolution of the metal or metal compound in water, commonly with additional agents; separation of the waste and purification of the leach solution; and the precipitation of the metal or one of its pure compounds from the leach solution by chemical or electrolytic means. The most common leaching agent is dilute sulfuric acid.

Hydrometallurgy originated in the 16th century, but its principal development took place in the 20th century, stimulated partly by the desire to extract gold from low-grade ores. The development of ion exchange, solvent extraction, and other processes has led to an extremely broad range of applications of hydrometallurgy, now used to produce more than 70 metallic elements. Besides most gold and much silver, large tonnages of copper and zinc are produced by hydrometallurgy.