Idfū

Horus

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Idfū, also called Edfu or Behdet, Egyptian Djeba, Greek Apollinopolis, Coptic Atbo, town on the west bank of the Nile River in Aswān muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Upper Egypt.

Idfū, Egypt: Temple of Horus

The chief god of the city of ancient times was Horus of the Winged Disk, called the Behdetite. His consort was Hathor of Dandarah, whose statue during the late empire was brought to Idfū annually by boat on a ceremonial visit. The chief monument of ancient Idfū is the great sandstone temple of Horus, 451 feet (138 metres) long and 250 feet (76 metres) wide, standing on the site of an earlier temple of the 18th-dynasty (1567–1320 bce) period. The present building was begun by Ptolemy III Euergetes in 237 bce and completed by Ptolemy XI in 57 bce. The work was frequently interrupted by nationalistic revolts in Upper Egypt. The decoration of the walls consists of inscriptions and scenes in relief that form a unique collection of temple liturgy as well as nationalism cloaked in religious imagery. The temple’s simple plan along one main axis serves as the classic example of an Egyptian temple.

Excavation of extensive mounds covering the ancient city and cemeteries of Idfū has yielded a rich harvest of ostraka (inscribed pottery fragments) and papyri. In the necropolis west and north of the town were found mastaba tombs of Old Kingdom (c. 2575–c. 2130 bce) officials and a number of Middle Kingdom (1938–c. 1630 bce) burials. Beginning in the New Kingdom (1539–1292 bce), quarries located at Mount Silsilah to the south were increasingly exploited for sandstone; building material derived from these quarries was used in numerous important construction projects across Egypt.

The modern town is a trading centre for grain, cotton, and dates, and it has a sugar factory. It is linked to the Cairo-Aswān railway by a bridge across the Nile River. Pop. (2006) 69,000.