Jirjā

Jirjā, also spelled Girga, town, Sawhāj muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Upper Egypt. It is situated on the west bank of the Nile River, which encroached considerably on the town in the 18th and 19th centuries. In pharaonic times it was probably the town of This (Tny), ancestral home of the 1st dynasty (c. 2925–c. 2775 bce), which unified Egypt. Its present name derives from the ancient Coptic monastery of Mar Girgis, dedicated to St. George. In the 14th century ce it became a centre of the Hawwārah, an Arabized Amazigh (Berber) tribe; in about 1576 they were conquered by the Ottoman governor of Egypt, who then made Jirjā the seat of the governor of Upper Egypt. Jirjā was also an important grain-producing region, and a portion of its harvest was shipped to Cairo and on to Mecca and Medina by way of the Red Sea to provide for the Holy Cities’ basic diet. During the reign of Muḥammad ʿAlī (1805–48), it was absorbed into a larger territorial unit. In 1859 Sawhāj replaced Jirjā as the provincial capital.

Possessing several fine mosques and known for its quality pottery, Jirjā also has cotton-weaving, sugar-refining, and dairying industries. The sugar refinery was enlarged in the early 1980s to a capacity of 75,000 tons per year. The valley on the west bank produces cotton, cereals, dates, and sugarcane. With a considerable Coptic minority, it is the seat of a Coptic bishop. A Roman Catholic monastery outside the town is reputedly the second oldest in Egypt. About 10 miles (16 km) south are the ruins of ancient Abydos. Across the river on the narrow east bank, the tombs of the nobles of ancient This line the limestone cliff face. Pop. (2006) 102,597.