Kaltenbrunner, Gerlinde

Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner, (born December 13, 1970, Kirchdorf an der Krems?, Austria), Austrian mountain climber, one of the first women to climb all 14 of the world’s “eight-thousanders”—peaks 26,250 feet (8,000 metres) and higher—and the first woman to do so without using supplemental oxygen-breathing apparatus.

Kaltenbrunner grew up in the small resort community of Spital am Pyhrn, nestled in the Alps of central Austria. As a child, she became an accomplished skier, but she gradually became more interested in trekking in the mountains near her home. Her first climbing expedition was at the age of 13, when she ascended Sturzhahn (6,654 feet [2,028 metres]), a mountain in west-central Austria. Kaltenbrunner continued improving her mountaineering skills in the Alps during her adolescence and while she pursued training as a nurse. In addition, after seeing photographs of the high mountains of the Karakoram Range (stretching along the portions of the Kashmir region administered by Pakistan, China, and India) when she was 16, she resolved to someday climb 8,000-metre peaks in south-central Asia.

Kaltenbrunner ascended the first of these mountains, Broad Peak in the Karakorams, in 1994, although she reached a lower peak (26,335 feet [8,027 metres]) than the true summit. Over the next 17 years she climbed to the top of all 14 giants, beginning with Cho Oyu (26,906 feet [8,201 metres]) in the central Himalayas near Mount Everest in 1998. She employed the Alpine style of mountaineering pioneered by climber Reinhold Messner and others, in which climbers carry a minimal amount of equipment on expeditions, have little or no outside support (e.g., porters), and do not use supplemental oxygen. This style is particularly challenging for people climbing at elevations above 8,000 metres, the benchmark for a region known as the “death zone” for the thinness of the air there. At first her nursing work financed her expeditions, but, after successfully scaling Nanga Parbat (26,660 feet [8,126 metres]) in the western Himalayas in 2003, she became a full-time professional climber. Whereas it had taken her nearly a decade to reach the tops of her first four 8,000-metre peaks, she was able to climb all of the remaining ones in the next eight years, scaling two each in 2004 and 2005. This included reascending Broad Peak to its true summit (26,401 feet [8,047 metres]) in 2007 and also Xixabangma (26,286 feet [8,012 metres]) in 2005, which, in 2000, she also had climbed to a lower summit. Several of those mountains involved more than one attempt to reach the top, among them Mount Everest (29,035 feet [8,850 metres]), the world’s tallest mountain, where she was unsuccessful in 2005 but prevailed in 2010; and K2 (28,251 feet [8,611 metres]) in the Karakorams, the world’s second highest peak, which took several aborted tries (notably in 2007, 2009, and 2010) before she finally reached the summit of this her last 8,000-metre peak in August 2011.

During the time that Kaltenbrunner was seeking her goal, two other climbers—Oh Eun-Sun of South Korea and Edurne Pasaban of Spain—were also on track to become the first woman to summit all of the 14. Kaltenbrunner maintained that she was not competing with them and even climbed two of the peaks, Broad in 2007 and Dhaulagiri I (26,795 feet [8,167 metres]; in Nepal) in 2008, at the same time as Pasaban. Oh topped her final peak, Annapurna I (26,545 feet [8,091 metres]), also in Nepal, in April 2010, but controversy arose regarding the veracity of her claimed 2009 summit of Kanchenjunga (28,169 feet [8,586 metres]) on the India-Nepal border. Pasaban indisputably topped her 14th peak, Xixabangma, in May 2010, climbing each except for Everest without supplemental oxygen. Thus, when Kaltenbrunner completed her K2 climb, she became the first woman to summit all 14 without oxygen.

In 2007 Kaltenbrunner married German mountaineer Ralf Dujmovits, who accompanied her on several expeditions and who also climbed all 14 of the 8,000-metre peaks; the couple later divorced. Kaltenbrunner wrote (with Karin Steinbach Tarnutzer) the autobiography Ganz bei mir: Leidenschaft Achttausender (2009; Mountains in My Heart: A Passion for Climbing).