Kayseri

Kayseri, Roman Caesarea Cappadociae, city, central Turkey. It lies at an elevation of 3,422 feet (1,043 metres) on a flat plain below the foothills of the extinct volcano Mount Ereiyes (ancient Mount Argaeus, 12,852 feet [3,917 metres]). The city is situated 165 miles (265 km) east-southeast of Ankara.

It was originally known as Mazaca. Later it was called Eusebia by Argaeus, for King Ariarathes V Eusebes. It was the residence of the Cappadocian kings and was sacked by Tigranes I, king of Armenia, in the 1st century bce. Renamed Caesarea Cappadociae early in the 1st century ce, it served as the capital and imperial mint of the Roman province of Cappadocia. It was a nucleus of Christianity in the 4th century, when St. Basil the Great reputedly established an ecclesiastical centre just northeast of the city.

Captured about 1080 by the Seljuq Turks, who renamed it Kayseri, it later formed a part of the Dānishmend principality. It fell to the Mongols in 1243 and in the 14th century functioned as the chief city of the Turkmen Ertanid principality before passing to the Ottomans in 1397. After the Ottomans were defeated by Timur (Tamerlane) in 1402, Kayseri was annexed by the Karamanid Turkmens and later by the Mamlūks of Egypt and Syria until it was recaptured by the Ottoman sultan Selim I in 1515.

The present-day city shows many signs of its Roman and medieval heritage. Kayseri has a well-preserved black stone citadel originally built by the emperor Justinian and subsequently rebuilt by the Seljuqs and the Ottomans. Numerous outstanding examples of 13th-century Seljuq art, including several circular and octagonal türbes (mausoleums), are located there. The best known is the Döner Kümbet, a mausoleum noted for its delicate decorative work. Chief among the city’s numerous mosques and medreses (madrasahs; religious schools) are the Great Mosque, the Kurşunlu Mosque (16th century; attributed to the noted architect Sinan), and the Sahibiye Medrese, which serves as a bazaar. The 13th-century Huand Medrese now houses an ethnographic museum. Kayseri is the site of one of the earliest Turkish schools of medicine, the Giyasiye Şifahiye (early 13th century), and contains a colourful covered bazaar. The more modern sections of the city are grouped around an avenue leading to the railway station northwest of the Citadel. Nearby on the road from Kayseri to Sivas is the Sultanhanı caravansary, one of the finest in the Middle East.

A few miles northeast of Kayseri, on the Sivas Road at Kültepe, archaeological excavations have unearthed the ancient Hittite-Assyrian city of Kanesh, dating from the 3rd millennium bce. The excavations recovered tens of thousands of clay tablets, inscribed in cuneiform writing, from the business archives of an Assyrian commercial colony outside the city of Kanesh. They are among the earliest written records found in Turkey and give a detailed picture of the economic life of the period.

An important agricultural market for its large hinterland, Kayseri has undergone rapid industrialization and specializes in the manufacture of sugar, cement, textiles, home appliances, and aircraft spare parts. It is also a centre for goldsmiths and carpet manufacturers and the site of Erciyes University, founded in 1978 (and descended from schools founded in 1206 and 1956). Because of its location, Kayseri serves as a communications centre and is linked by air with Istanbul. It also has railway and road connections with the major towns of Anatolia. Pop. (2000) 536,392; (2013 est.) 865,393.