Lepidopteran

lepidopteran, (order Lepidoptera), any of about 180,000 species of butterflies, moths, and skippers. This order of insects is second in size only to Coleoptera, the beetles.

Because of their day-flying habits and bright colours, the butterflies are more familiar than the chiefly night-flying and dull-coloured moths, but the latter are far more varied and abundant. The skippers are a worldwide group intermediate between butterflies and moths. With the exception of a few moths, all adult lepidopterans have two pairs of wings. The name Lepidoptera is derived from the Greek, meaning “scaly winged,” and refers to the characteristic covering of microscopic dustlike scales on the wings.

The life cycle of lepidopterans consists of four stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult (imago). The larvae do most of the eating, with the majority feeding on foliage, although many species eat stems, roots, fruits, or flowers. A number of moth and a few butterfly larvae are serious pests in agriculture and forestry. The adults of many species are important for their role in pollination, which occurs as they visit flowers for nectar. In most land environments the lepidopterans are ecologically important because they transform large amounts of plant matter into animal matter and in turn serve as food for many other groups of animals.

Many members of the order, especially the butterflies, have appealed to the human imagination for thousands of years as symbols of fragile and ephemeral beauty. References to them abound in literature, and they have been depicted in many paintings, have inspired the designs of jewelry, ornaments, and textiles, and have even occurred in many heraldic devices and on postage stamps.