Levy, Julien

Julien Levy, in full Julien Sampson Levy, (born January 22, 1906, New York, New York, U.S.—died February 10, 1981, New Haven, Connecticut), American art dealer, who was known for launching the careers of some of the most significant artists of the 20th century and whose gallery exhibited the Surrealists in New York City for the first time.

Levy came from a prominent Jewish family with roots in the rabbinate, politics, and newspaper publishing on his maternal side and in law and real estate on his paternal side. Levy’s father, a real estate developer, also collected art. Levy attended Harvard University, starting out with an interest in English literature but then shifting his focus to art. He enrolled in Paul J. Sachs’s museum administration course—“Museum Work and Museum Problems”—with other future museum professionals Alfred H. Barr, Jr., Lincoln Kirstein, and Philip Johnson, among others.

With one semester left until graduation, Levy dropped out of Harvard, intending to pursue a career in film. By chance, he met Dada artist Marcel Duchamp in 1926 at an art gallery and went to Paris with him in 1927. The trip was life-changing. He met photographers Man Ray and Berenice Abbott, and he connected with the daughter of poet Mina Loy, Joella Haweis, whom he married in 1927 (divorced 1942). Levy also met Paris photographer Eugène Atget, whose striking photographs of Paris were, at least in part, the impetus for Levy’s career as an art dealer. Abbott rescued Atget’s archive of photographs and negatives from being thrown in the trash when the photographer died in August of 1927, and Levy became a partial owner of the collection. When he returned to New York City with his new wife, Levy got a job at the Weyhe Gallery. In 1930 he exhibited Atget’s photographs for the first time in the U.S. at that gallery and also tried to sell the archive to the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Both pursuits were unsuccessful. The Atget exhibition did not make the splash that he and Abbott had hoped for, and MoMA was not interested. (Abbott sold the Atget collection to MoMA in 1968, however.)

With inheritance money he had received after his mother died suddenly in 1924, Levy opened the Julien Levy Gallery in late 1931 at 602 Madison Avenue, the first of the gallery’s three locations over the course of its 18-year existence. He intended to use his gallery as a forum for promoting photography as a fine art—a hotly debated topic in those years—and mounted his first exhibition, “American Photography Retrospective Exhibition,” November 2–20, 1931, featuring photographs by Alfred Stieglitz, Mathew B. Brady, and Gertrude Käsebier, among others. An exhibition of works by European photographers Atget and Nadar followed soon after. Levy struggled to sway public opinion on the status and potential market value of photography, but he found few buyers willing to pay the prices he was asking.

Though he continued to exhibit photography, Levy turned his attention toward Surrealism. His exhibition “Surréalisme” (January 9–29, 1932) showed work by Europe’s leading Surrealist artists—Salvador Dalí (including his now-iconic painting The Persistence of Memory), Jean Cocteau, Max Ernst, Joseph Cornell, and many others never before seen by an American audience. Levy became the first to show the Surrealists in New York City and only the second (by two months) in the United States. The exhibition was extremely popular and received glowing reviews. The Julien Levy Gallery had made history overnight and soon became a cultural hub. Levy became known for his risk taking and his exceptional eye, and art museums in and around New York turned to him to add to their growing collections of contemporary art. He mounted the first U.S. solo exhibitions for many artists who went on to have stellar careers, including Cornell (1932), Ernst (1932), Alberto Giacometti (1935), René Magritte (1936), Frida Kahlo (1938), and Dorothea Tanning (1944).

Leading up to and during World War II, the gallery itself served as a haven for exiled artists. Levy left his post as gallery director in 1942 to serve in the military, entrusting his duties to Kirk Askew, a former Harvard classmate. He returned in 1943, reassumed his position, and reopened in what would be the gallery’s final location.

Over the course of nearly two decades (1931–49), Levy exhibited contemporary photography and works by Surrealists, Cubists, Social Realists, and Neo-Romanticists, such as British artists Paul Nash and Henry Moore; he also screened experimental films and showed posters, cartoons, and original watercolours by Walt Disney, which would have been characterized as “low” art forms. Levy forged close friendships with many of the artists he represented, in particular Arshile Gorky (first U.S. solo show at Levy’s gallery in 1945), whose suicide in 1948 was devastating to the gallerist.

Levy left the art business in 1949 when Abstract Expressionism and gallerist Peggy Guggenheim began to dominate the New York City art scene and market. He retired to Connecticut, wrote a memoir, Julien Levy: Memoir of an Art Gallery (1977), and taught art history at Sarah Lawrence College and the State University of New York (SUNY) at Purchase. Always interested in film, Levy made two short films on Surrealism: Surrealism (1930) and Surrealism Is… (1972; made with students at SUNY). In addition to the many essays and interviews he wrote for exhibition pamphlets (sometimes using a pseudonym), he also authored three full-length books: Surrealism (1936), Eugene Berman (1947), and Arshile Gorky (1966). Levy’s impact was far-reaching and played a significant role in shaping many American museum collections, including those of MoMA, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art during the 1930s and ’40s and into the late 20th century.