Maghreb

Maghreb, (Arabic: “West”) also spelled Maghrib, region of North Africa bordering the Mediterranean Sea. The Africa Minor of the ancients, it at one time included Moorish Spain and now comprises essentially the Atlas Mountains and the coastal plain of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. The weather of the Maghreb is characterized by prevailing westerly winds, which drop most of their moisture on the northern slopes and coastal plain, leaving little for the southern slopes, which maintain desert scrub fading into true desert in the Sahara to the south.

From the vastness of their mountain ranges, the native peoples of the Maghreb have resisted successive Punic, Roman, and Christian invasions. Not until the 7th and 8th centuries was the Maghreb conquered; the Arabs, who imposed on the native peoples the religion of Islam and Arabic, the language of the Quʾrān, thus absorbed the Maghreb into the Muslim civilization. Despite this absorption, most of the North African societies have preserved their cultural identity throughout the centuries.

The people of the Maghreb belong to both Berber and Arab ethnolinguistic groups. The Berbers are descended from the earlier inhabitants of the region and may trace their ancestry to Paleolithic times. Many other groups have invaded the area, including the Phoenicians, the Arabs, and the French. About one-sixth of the population of the Maghreb still speak one of the Berber languages (most of them in Algeria and Morocco), but most also speak some form of Arabic.

shakshouka

A popular dish in the Maghreb that has spread throughout the region is shakshouka, featuring poached eggs in a spicy tomato sauce, seasoned with peppers, onion, garlic, and various spices. (The word shakshouka comes from Maghrebi Arabic dialect and means “mixed.”) The dish is common for breakfast and lunch in Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, and Egypt, and it is increasingly popular in Israel, where it was introduced by Jewish emigrants from the Maghreb in the 1950s and ’60s, with a subsequent wave in the 1990s. The dish is also eaten in Spain, usually served with spicy chorizo sausage, and is a trendy addition to British pubs.