Halide Mineral

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Mar 21, 2024 - 03:16

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halide mineral, any of a group of naturally occurring inorganic compounds that are salts of the halogen acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid). Such compounds, with the notable exceptions of halite (rock salt), sylvite, and fluorite, are rare and of very local occurrence.

Halide minerals
name	colour	lustre	Mohs hardness	specific gravity
atacamite	various bright green shades; dark emerald-green to blackish	adamantine	3–3½	3.8
calomel	colourless, white, grayish, yellowish, brown	adamantine	1½	7.15
carnallite	milk-white; sometimes reddish (from included hematite)	greasy, dull to shining	2½	1.6
cerargyrite	colourless when pure and fresh; usually gray; becomes purple or violet-brown on exposure to light (cerargyrite)	hornlike	2½	5.6 (AgCl) to 6.5 (AgBr)
cryolite	colourless to white, brownish, reddish, brick red	vitreous to greasy	2½	3.0
fluorite	variable	vitreous	4	3.2
halite	colourless when pure, often splotched blue or purple	vitreous	2	2.2
sal ammoniac	colourless, white, grayish, yellow	vitreous	1–2	1.5
sylvite	colourless, white, grayish, bluish, or red (from included hematite)	vitreous	2	2.0
name	habit or form	fracture or cleavage	refractive indices	crystal system
atacamite	brittle, transparent to translucent tabular to slender prismatic crystals	one perfect cleavage	alpha = 1.831 beta = 1.861 gamma = 1.880	orthorhombic
calomel	tabular crystals; drusy crusts; earthy masses	one good cleavage	omega = 1.956–1.991 epsilon = 2.601–2.713	tetragonal
carnallite	granular, massive	conchoidal fracture	alpha = 1.465–1.466 beta = 1.474–1.455 gamma = 1.444–1.446	orthorhombic
cerargyrite	crusts; waxy coatings; hornlike masses	uneven to subconchoidal fracture	n = 2.071–2.253	isometric
cryolite	coarsely granular masses	no cleavage	alpha = 1.338 beta = 1.338 gamma = 1.339	monoclinic
fluorite	brittle, transparent or translucent cubes and two-cube penetration twins	perfect octahedral cleavage	n = 1.432–1.437	isometric
halite	transparent cubic (often cavernous or stepped) crystals; granular masses	perfect cubic cleavage	n = 1.544	isometric
sal ammoniac	skeletal aggregates	conchoidal fracture	n = 1.639	isometric
sylvite	transparent cubes or granular masses	perfect cubic cleavage	n = 1.490	isometric

Compositionally and structurally, three broad categories of halide minerals are recognized; these categories, which are also distinguishable in their modes of occurrence, include the simple halides, the halide complexes, and the oxyhydroxy-halides.

The simple halides are salts of the alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals. Most are soluble in water; the transition-metal halides are unstable under exposure to air. Halite, sodium chloride (NaCl), is the most familiar example; it often occurs with other evaporite minerals in enormous beds resulting from the accumulation of brines and trapped oceanic water in impermeable basins and their evaporation. Minor amounts of sylvite, potassium chloride (KCl), also are present in such beds.

Fluorite, or calcium fluoride (CaF₂), another simple halide, is found in limestones that have been permeated by aqueous solutions containing the fluoride anion. Noteworthy deposits of fluorite occur in Mexico; Cumberland, Eng.; and Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, and Colorado in the United States.

Other simple halides such as sal-ammoniac, ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl); lawrencite, ferrous chloride (FeCl₂); and molysite, ferric chloride (FeCl₃) occur in fumarolic vents and are highly unstable in air. A few hydrothermal vein minerals in silver deposits, such as chlorargyrite and calomel, serve as minor and occasional ores of silver and mercury, respectively. A few double salts (e.g., carnallite and tachyhydrite) included among the simple halides have formed under conditions similar to the formation of halite.

In the halide complexes, halide anions are tightly bound to a cation, usually aluminum; the resulting unit behaves as a single negative ion. The most common examples are the fluoroaluminates cryolite, cryolithionite, thomsenolite, and weberite. Enormous quantities of cryolite formerly were mined at Ivigtut, Greenland, to be used for flux in the recovery of aluminum from bauxite.

Most oxyhydroxy-halides are rare and highly insoluble compounds. Many have formed by the action of halide-bearing waters upon the oxidation products of previously existing sulfides; atacamite, matlockite, nadorite, and diaboleite are examples. A few compounds such as a fiedlerite, laurionite, and penfieldite have formed through the action of seawater upon ancient lead slags from the historic deposits at Laurium, Greece.