Mpezeni

Mpezeni, also spelled Mpeseni, (born c. 1830—died Sept. 21, 1900, near Fort Jameson, Northern Rhodesia [now Chipata, Zamb.]), Southern African chief, a son of the great Ngoni king Zwangendaba. Mpezeni found himself in the middle of European competition for control of southeastern Africa, and his unwillingness to grant land and mineral concessions to European colonists earned him their enmity in the 1890s. He was eventually defeated by the British in 1898.

The Ngoni were a grouping of people descended from the Jere chieftaincy who migrated northward across the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers during the 1820s and 1830s and, under Zwangendaba, settled to the west of Lake Nyasa. After Zwangendaba’s death (c. 1848), the Ngoni kingdom split into several groups, one of which Mpezeni led southward into the Luangwa valley (now in southern Zambia). There, in the 1860s, he established a new state based on the growing of grain, cattle keeping, and slave raiding.

Mpezeni established friendly relations with Portuguese traders, but at the turn of the 1890s he became a target for the British South Africa Company (BSAC). Hoping to prevent a BSAC takeover, Mpezeni granted a huge mineral and land concession to the German adventurer Karl Wiese. Wiese, however, sold his concession to a London-based company that would become the North Charterland Company, a subsidiary of the BSAC. In 1897 Wiese and prospectors from the North Charterland Company were attacked by Ngoni warriors; in response, British-led forces launched a strong attack on Mpezeni’s state, and in February 1898 Mpezeni was forced to surrender.