Opitz, Martin

Martin Opitz, in full Martin Opitz von Boberfeld, (born December 23, 1597, Bunzlau, Silesia [now Bolesławiec, Poland]—died August 20, 1639, Danzig [now Gdańsk, Poland]), German poet and literary theorist who introduced foreign literary models into German poetry and who was a pioneer in establishing a national German literature.

Opitz studied at universities in Frankfurt an der Oder, Heidelberg, and Leiden, where he met the Dutch poet Daniël Heinsius. He led a wandering life in the service of various territorial nobles. In 1625, as a reward for a requiem poem on the death of Charles Joseph of Austria, he was crowned laureate by the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II, who later ennobled him. In 1629 he was elected to the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft, the most important of the literary societies that aimed to reform the German language. He went to Paris in 1630, where he made the acquaintance of the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius. He lived from 1635 until his death at Danzig (Gdańsk), where Władysław IV of Poland made him his historiographer and secretary.

Opitz was the head of the so-called First Silesian school of poets and during his life was regarded as the greatest German poet. He was the “father of German poetry,” at least in respect to its form. His Aristarchus sive de Contemptu Linguae Teutonicae (1617) asserted the suitability of the German language for poetry. His influential Buch von der deutschen Poeterey, written in 1624, established long-standing rules for the “purity” of language, style, verse, and rhyme. It insisted upon word stress rather than syllable counting as the basis of German verse and recommended the alexandrine. The scholarly, stilted, and courtly style introduced by Opitz dominated German poetry until the middle of the 18th century. Opitz’s poems follow his own rigorous rules and are mostly didactic and descriptive—formal elaborations of carefully considered themes.

In retrospect, Opitz’s activities as an aesthetic educator and translator have assumed much importance. He translated from Heinsius, Grotius, Seneca, and Sophocles; he partly translated from the text by O. Rinuccini the libretto of Dafne, the first opera in German; he introduced the political novel (John Barclay’s Argenis) into Germany; and he edited (1638) the German version of Sir Philip Sidney’s prose romance Arcadia and the 11th-century poem Annolied. Opitz’s Opera Poetica appeared in 1646.