Peat

peat, spongy material formed by the partial decomposition of organic matter, primarily plant material, in wetlands such as swamps, muskegs, bogs, fens, and moors. The development of peat is favoured by warm moist climatic conditions; however, peat can develop even in cold regions such as Siberia, Canada, and Scandinavia. Beyond its considerable ecological importance, peat is economically important as a carbon sink, as a source of fuel, and as raw material in horticulture and other industries.

The wetlands in which peat forms are known as peatlands. The peat formed and housed in these special ecosystems is the largest natural terrestrial carbon store, and it sequesters more carbon than all other vegetation types in the world combined. Peat is thus critical for preventing and mitigating the effects of anthropogenic global warming. Peatlands also help minimize flood risks and filter water, both of which are invaluable ecosystem services. Peat harvesting and land-use changes that damage peatlands are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, and in the 21st century the use of peat increasingly has been discouraged in an attempt to protect these valuable ecosystems.