Photoengraving

photoengraving, any of several processes for producing printing plates by photographic means. In general, a plate coated with a photosensitive substance is exposed to an image, usually on film; the plate is then treated in various ways, depending upon whether it is to be used in a relief (letterpress) or an intaglio (gravure) printing process.

Engraving is the broad term for the procedure used in making plates, in which printing and nonprinting areas are distinguished by their height with respect to the general plane of the surface, the artistic decoration created by mechanically incising a design into a surface, and the creation of original works of art by tooling or etching an image into the metal (or plastic) surface and transferring the resultant image to paper. For detailed information on these last two subjects, see printmaking. This article is limited to consideration of the procedures whereby a printing surface useful in the production of multiple ink-on-paper images is produced.

The term photoengraving is correctly applied to the procedures discussed here, since the use of light energy, as involved in photographic processes, is essential. A distinction must be made between a relief printing plate, in which the ink-carrying (or image-bearing) surface coincides with the general level of the plate surface, with nonimage portions cut below the surface, and intaglio printing surfaces, in which the ink-carrying image elements are incised into the plate surface. In the first type of printing, a uniform film of ink is distributed over the surface of the plate and transferred from the individual image elements to the receiving paper surface. In the second, the plate is flooded with a low-viscosity (thin) ink, then wiped with a blade (doctor blade) to remove any ink adhering to the surface. The doctoring action leaves the incised intaglio image filled with ink; later, as paper is brought into contact with this image and pressure is applied, surface-tension and capillary-action forces cause the ink to transfer from the plate to the paper.