Pretorius, Andries

Andries Pretorius, in full Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius, (born Nov. 27, 1798, near Graaff-Reinet, Cape Colony [now in South Africa]—died July 23, 1853, Magaliesberg, Transvaal [now in South Africa]), Boer leader in the Great Trek from British-dominated Cape Colony, the dominant military and political figure in Natal and later in the Transvaal, and one of the major agents of white conquest in Southern Africa.

After taking part in several frontier wars in the Cape Colony, Pretorius went on an exploratory trek in 1837; he left his farm permanently to settle in Natal the following year. When Dingane’s Zulus, seeking to keep the white invaders out, murdered trek leader Piet Retief and his party and counterattacked against the settlers in Natal, Pretorius raised a commando force of 500 and defeated 10,000 Zulus at the Battle of Blood (Ncome) River (Dec. 16,1838), killing 3,000 with hardly any loss of his own men. Dingane’s brother Mpande then organized a revolt against him and allied with Pretorius. Their combined forces defeated Dingane at the Battle of Maqongqo (near the present town of Magudu) in January 1840, putting Mpande on the Zulu throne.

In 1842 the British occupied Durban, in Natal, and, when Pretorius failed to dislodge them, he resigned as commandant general. After the British annexation of Natal, he remained on friendly terms with the British authorities. But when the Cape governor, Sir Henry Pottinger, ignored his plea to settle Boer grievances, Pretorius decided to lead a trek once more, this time to the remote Transvaal (1847). The territory known as the Orange River Sovereignty (see Orange Free State) was annexed by the British the following year, provoking Pretorius and the Transvaal Boers to verbal and then armed protest. After taking Bloemfontein, Pretorius and his followers were defeated at Boomplaats (August 1848). Pretorius fled to the Transvaal with a price of £2,000 on his head.

As one of the four commandants general of the Transvaal, Pretorius played a leading role in negotiations with the British (who had removed the price on his head). At the time, the British were reluctant to spend money on attempts to administer the Southern African interior, and negotiations resulted in the Sand River Convention on Jan. 17, 1852, by which the independence of the Transvaal (the South African Republic) was recognized. Pretorius also supported the independence of the Boers in the Orange River Sovereignty, which was finally guaranteed by the Bloemfontein Convention in February 1854, seven months after his death.