Qāmishlī, Al-

Al-Qāmishlī, also spelled Qamishliye, town in northeastern Syria. It lies along the Turkish border, which divides the Syrian town of Al-Qāmishlī from the Turkish town of Nusaybin. Al-Qāmishlī was founded in 1926 as a station on the Taurus railway. Its mixed population increased with influxes of Armenian, Assyrian Christian, and Kurdish refugees from Turkey and Iraq. The town also has Sunni Muslims, Syriac-speaking Christians, and a Jewish community. It is the seat of both an Armenian and a Syrian Catholic archbishopric. Located on the Jaghjaghah River, a tributary of the Khābūr River, the town is the centre of an extremely fertile area, growing cotton and wheat. A spur of the railway line extends approximately 20 miles (32 km) farther east to a wheat and cotton depot. The region is within a zone of moderate rainfall, so dry farming is practiced as well as farming by irrigation.

With the discovery and exploitation of oil in the Qarah Shūk region 50 miles (80 km) east of the town, Al-Qāmishlī grew rapidly. The town has a sawmill and cement factory. In addition to being a railroad centre on the route from Istanbul, Ankara, Mosul, and Baghdad (the old Orient Express), Al-Qāmishlī also connects with Dayr al-Zawr and Aleppo. Domestic air service is provided to Aleppo and Damascus. Al-Qāmishlī is linked by road with both Turkey and Iraq. It serves as a market centre for the whole of northeastern Syria, and its importance has eclipsed that of Al-Ḥasakah as a transport, market, and cultural centre. Pop. (2003 est.) 200,000.