Retief, Piet

Piet Retief, (born Nov. 12, 1780, near Wellington, Cape Colony [now in South Africa]—died Feb. 6, 1838, Natal [now in South Africa]), one of the Boer leaders of the Great Trek, the invasion of African lands in the interior of Southern Africa by Boers seeking to free themselves from British rule in the Cape Colony.

Although he was better educated than most Boers, his combining of farming with business—mainly as a building contractor—was unsuccessful. In 1814 Retief moved to Grahamstown in the eastern frontier of the Cape Colony, where he gained a reputation as a field commandant in wars against the Xhosa. He acted as a spokesman for the Boer settlers, expressing to the British authorities their grievances over the restrictions on slavery and return of land to the Xhosa after the Frontier War of 1835 (see Cape Frontier Wars). When the government appeared to sympathize with the Xhosa, the Boers decided to migrate, or trek. Retief issued a proclamation in February 1837 explaining the trekkers’ reasons for leaving the colony.

North of the Orange River his party merged with other trekkers, and he was elected governor and head commandant. Under Retief they crossed the Drakensberg into Natal (October 1837). In an attempt to establish their right to the land, Retief negotiated with Dingane, the Zulu king, who was said to have either promised Retief land in Natal in return for the recovery of a stolen herd of cattle or insisted that the Boers recover the stolen cattle before any agreement regarding land rights could be made. Regardless, the Boers recovered the cattle, and Retief and his party returned to Dingane’s kraal, where (having left their guns outside the king’s village) they were murdered. A claim later made by Boers that Retief had in fact successfully obtained a grant of land from Dingane has been disputed among historians.