Rifāʿ, Al-

Al-Rifāʿ, also spelled Rifaʿa, municipality in the state and emirate of Bahrain, on north-central Bahrain island, in the Persian Gulf. It is on the north rim of the island’s central depression, site of the country’s chief oil fields. The municipality is an agglomeration of four originally distinct population clusters, now united in administration and economic interests. Al-Rifāʿ al-Sharqī (East Rifāʿ) and Al-Rifāʿ al-Gharbī (West Rifāʿ) are the two historic settlements; smaller and newer are Al-Rifāʿ al-Shamālī (North Rifāʿ) and Al-Rifāʿ al-Gharbī Camp, which is only 1 mile (1.5 km) west of the huge refinery of the Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco). The camp was built by the company to house its Indian and Pakistani refinery workers.

Al-Rifāʿ al-Gharbī and Al-Rifāʿ al-Sharqī predate the ruling Āl Khalīfah dynasty in Bahrain (1783); the latter site, with its fortified castle commanding a prospect of most of the island, was long the seat of the rulers of Bahrain, even under Persian rule in the 18th century. Neighbouring Al-Rifāʿ al-Gharbī, however, has been favoured in modern times. Al-Rifāʿ al-Gharbī is also the headquarters of the Bahraini Defense Force.

In the first decade of the 20th century the Al-Rifāʿ villagers made a poor living by transporting pure drinking water on camelback from their fine wells to the city of Manama. There was virtually no other economic activity. In 1932 the discovery of petroleum brought a radical change to the people of the region. Most are employed by Bapco. This industrial base has brought Al-Rifāʿ improved housing, municipal government, electric power via high-tension lines (1950s), and centrally supplied piped water (early 1960s). The large aluminum smelter of the Aluminium Bahrain Company (Alba), completed in 1972 and running at capacity in 1976, processes ore imported from Australia. It is located to the southeast of Al-Rifāʿ as are secondary aluminum industries. Pop. (2001) 79,550.