Rodinia

Rodinia,  in geologic time, a supercontinent that incorporated almost all the landmasses on Earth for about 450 million years during the Proterozoic Eon (2.5 billion to 541 million years ago). Rodinia, which was made up of an amalgamation of several connected landmasses and other large cratons lying in close proximity, formed about 1.2 billion years ago, at the beginning of the Stenian Period (which lasted from 1.2 billion to 1 billion years ago), and held together until 750 million years ago, near the end of the Tonian Period (which lasted from 1 billion to 720 million years ago).

Rodinia formed from the convergence of the fragments of a previous supercontinent called Columbia (or Nuna), which existed between 2.1 billion and 1.8 billion years ago). Evidence of the continental collisions that formed Rodinia appear in rocks that reveal several mountain-building events, or orogenies, taking place in many locations throughout the world between 1.3 billion and 1 billion years ago. The most well-studied orogeny that occurred during this period is the Grenville Orogeny, which shows evidence in present-day eastern North America of the collision between Laurentia (a craton primarily made up of present-day North America and Greenland) and another continent. Many model reconstructions place Laurentia at Rodinia’s centre; however, the orientation and placement of Earth’s other continents within Rodinia continues to be a subject of debate.

Signs of Rodinia’s breakup began about 1 billion years ago with the intrusion of basaltic dikes, which are driven by rising magma plumes from Earth’s mantle, in several locations throughout the supercontinent, foreshadowing larger continental rifting events that occurred between about 825 million and 740 million years ago. Other indications of plume activity and early signs of continental breakup include vast piles of basalt and transcontinental rifts, such as the Keweenawan Rift, which is also known as the Midcontinent Rift, that extends between the U.S. states of Michigan, via Lake Superior, to Kansas. This rift dates to 1.1 billion years ago, and, although it did not split Laurentia, it is some of the most well-studied remaining evidence of the forces that contributed to Rodinia’s disintegration. Other evidence appears in Africa, exemplified by widespread dike development in the Kalahari craton, dating to about 800 million years ago. Some geologists suggest that Rodinia’s breakup began in earnest after the Congo craton collided with the supercontinent about 800 million years ago, which broke Rodinia in two.

What happened next remains a matter of significant debate among geologists. Some researchers suggest that Rodinia broke into at least two large fragments between 800 million and 650 million years ago, with one drifting toward the North Pole and rotating counter-clockwise; another, which would later become the supercontinent Gondwana, drifting southward and rotating clockwise; and the Panthalassic Ocean basin emerging between them. Some researchers posit that these large pieces collided again, about 600 million years ago, to form a new supercontinent called Pannotia, near the South Pole; however, this is not widely accepted.