Rohrer, Heinrich

Heinrich Rohrer, (born June 6, 1933, Buchs, Switzerland—died May 16, 2013, Wollerau), Swiss physicist who, with Gerd Binnig, received half of the 1986 Nobel Prize for Physics for their joint invention of the scanning tunneling microscope. (Ernst Ruska received the other half of the prize.)

Rohrer was educated at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (B.S., 1955; Ph.D., 1960) and then did two years of postdoctoral research on superconductivity at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rohrer subsequently returned to Switzerland, and in 1963 he joined the IBM Research laboratory, where he remained until his retirement in 1997. Binnig joined the laboratory in 1978, and it was there that the two men designed and built the first scanning tunneling microscope. This instrument is equipped with a tiny tungsten probe whose tip, only about one or two atoms wide, is brought to within five or ten atoms’ distance of the surface of a conducting or semiconducting material. (An atom is equal to about one angstrom, or one ten-billionth of a metre.) When the electric potential of the tip is made to differ by a few volts from that of the surface, quantum mechanical effects cause a measurable electric current to cross the gap. The strength of this current is extremely sensitive to the distance between the probe and the surface, and, as the probe’s tip scans the surface, it can be kept a fixed distance away by raising and lowering it so as to hold the current constant. A record of the elevation of the probe is a topographical map of the surface under study, on which the contour intervals are so small that the individual atoms making up the surface are clearly recognizable.