Pinyin Romanization

Chinese writing system

Jan 3, 2024 - 03:10
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Pinyin romanization, also spelled Pin-yin, also called Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, Chinese (Pinyin) Hanyu pinyin wenzi (“Chinese-language combining-sounds alphabet”), system of romanization for the Chinese written language based on the pronunciation of the Beijing dialect of Mandarin Chinese. The gradual acceptance of Pinyin as the official transcription used in the People’s Republic of China signaled a commitment to promote the use of the Beijing dialect as the national standard, to standardize pronunciation across areas that speak different dialects, and to end the confusion in romanizing and alphabetizing Chinese characters.

Chinese romanizations
Pinyin to Wade-Giles conversions
a b c d e f g h j k l m n o p q r s t w x y z
Pinyin Wade-Giles Pinyin Wade-Giles Pinyin Wade-Giles Pinyin Wade-Giles
*Oral or dialectal syllable with no official Wade-Giles equivalent.
a a gou kou mo mo song sung
ai ai gu ku mou mou sou sou
an an gua kua mu mu su su
ang ang guai kuai na na suan suan
ao ao guan kuan nai nai sui sui
ba pa guang kuang nan nan sun sun
bai pai gui kuei nang nang suo so
ban pan gun kun nao nao ta t'a
bang pang guo kuo ne * tai t'ai
bao pao ha ha nei nei tan t'an
bei pei hai hai nen nen tang t'ang
ben pen han han neng neng tao t'ao
beng peng hang hang ni ni te t'e
bi pi hao hao nian nien tei *
bian pien he ho niang niang teng t'eng
biao piao hei hei niao niao ti t'i
bie pieh hen hen nie nieh tian t'ien
bin pin heng heng nin nin tiao t'iao
bing ping hong hung ning ning tie t'ieh
bo po hou hou niu niu ting t'ing
bu pu hu hu nong nung tong t'ung
ca ts'a hua hua nou nou tou t'ou
cai ts'ai huai huai nu nu tu t'u
can ts'an huan huan tuan t'uan
cang ts'ang huang huang nuan nuan tui t'ui
cao ts'ao hui hui nüe nüeh tun t'un
ce ts'e hun hun nuo no tuo t'o
cei * huo huo o wo wa wa
cen ts'en ji chi ou ou wai wai
ceng ts'eng jia chia pa p'a wan wan
cha ch'a jian chien pai p'ai wang wang
chai ch'ai jiang chiang pan p'an wei wei
chan ch'an jiao chiao pang p'ang wen wen
chang ch'ang jie chieh pao p'ao weng weng
chao ch'ao jin chin pei p'ei wo wo
che ch'e jing ching pen p'en wu wu
chen ch'en jiong chiung peng p'eng xi hsi
cheng ch'eng jiu chiu pi p'i xia hsia
chi ch'ih ju chü pian p'ien xian hsien
chong ch'ung juan chüan piao p'iao xiang hsiang
chou ch'ou jue chüeh pie p'ieh xiao hsiao
chu ch'u jun chün pin p'in xie hsieh
chua ch'ua ka k'a ping p'ing xin hsin
chuai ch'uai kai k'ai po p'o xing hsing
chuan ch'uan kan k'an pou p'ou xiong hsiung
chuang ch'uang kang k'ang pu p'u xiu hsiu
chui ch'ui kao k'ao qi ch'i xu hsü
chun ch'un ke k'o qia ch'ia xuan hsüan
chuo ch'o kei k'ei qian ch'ien xue hsüeh
ci tz'u ken k'en qiang ch'iang xun hsün
cong ts'ung keng k'eng qiao ch'iao ya ya
cou ts'ou kong k'ung qie ch'ieh yan yen
cu ts'u kou k'ou qin ch'in yang yang
cuan ts'uan ku k'u qing ch'ing yao yao
cui ts'ui kua k'ua qiong ch'iung ye yeh
cun ts'un kuai k'uai qiu ch'iu yi i
cuo ts'o kuan k'uan qu ch'ü yin yin
da ta kuang k'uang quan ch'üan ying ying
dai tai kui k'uei que ch'üeh yo *
dan tan kun k'un qun ch'ün yong yung
dang tang kuo k'uo ran jan you yu
dao tao la la rang jang yu
de te lai lai rao jao yuan yüan
dei * lan lan re je yue yüeh, yo
den * lang lang ren jen yun yün
deng teng lao lao reng jeng za tsa
di ti le le ri jih zai tsai
dian tien lei lei rong jung zan tsan
diao tiao leng leng rou jou zang tsang
die tieh li li ru ju zao tsao
ding ting lia lia rua * ze tse
diu tiu lian lien ruan juan zei tsei
dong tung liang liang rui jui zen tsen
dou tou liao liao run jun zeng tseng
du tu lie lieh ruo jo zha cha
duan tuan lin lin sa sa zhai chai
dui tui ling ling sai sai zhan chan
dun tun liu liu san san zhang chang
duo to lo * sang sang zhao chao
e ê, o long lung sao sao zhe che
ê eh lou lou se se zhei *
en en lu lu sen sen zhen chen
eng êng seng seng zheng cheng
er erh luan luan, lüan sha sha zhi chih
fa fa lüe lüeh shai shai zhong chung
fan fan lun lun shan shan zhou chou
fang fang luo lo shang shang zhu chu
fei fei ma ma shao shao zhua chua
fen fen mai mai she she zhuai chuai
feng feng man man shei shei zhuan chuan
fo fo mang mang shen shen zhuang chuang
fou fou mao mao sheng sheng zhui chui
fu fu me * shi shih zhun chun
ga ka mei mei shou shou zhuo cho
gai kai men men shu shu zi tzu
gan kan meng meng shua shua zong tsung
gang kang mi mi shuai shuai zou tsou
gao kao mian mien shuan shuan zu tsu
ge ko miao miao shuang shuang zuan tsuan
gei kei mie mieh shui shui zui tsui
gen ken min min shun shun zun tsun
geng keng ming ming shuo shuo zuo tso
gong kung miu miu si szu, ssu

National script reform began in 1913 with the creation of the National Phonetic Alphabet based on Chinese characters. Several attempts were made in the 1920s and ’30s to devise and promote a Latin alphabet for the Chinese language, but with little concrete success. After the communist takeover of China in 1949, work on a comprehensive script reform was begun. After considering and rejecting proposals for the use of either Chinese characters or the Cyrillic alphabet, the Latin alphabet was chosen for use. The resulting Chinese Phonetic Alphabet was adopted by the Committee on Language Reform in 1956 and modified in 1958. The island of Taiwan has continued to prefer the earlier Wade-Giles romanization system, although a modified system that is orthographically somewhat between Pinyin and Wade-Giles has been in limited use there since about 2000.

Pinyin was intended not to replace the Chinese characters but to help teach pronunciation and to popularize the Beijing dialect. The adoption of Pinyin also made it possible to standardize the spelling of Chinese personal and place names abroad. Beginning on Jan. 1, 1979, the State Council of the People’s Republic of China for Romanization prescribed that all translated diplomatic and foreign-language publications employ Pinyin in English-speaking countries and the Lessing-Othmer system in German-speaking countries. Chinese-language lessons for foreigners are conducted in Pinyin, and it is used for telegraphic codes, the Central Broadcasting System, braille for the blind, finger-spelling for the deaf, dictionaries, and indexes. Pinyin replaced the traditional writing systems of several ethnic minorities in China and has been used to document the previously unwritten languages of many more; a number of nonstandard characters have been devised to facilitate the writing of names transliterated from non-Chinese languages. It is also helpful for inputting Chinese characters when using a standard computer keyboard. Some interesting features of Pinyin are the clear and consistent way that distinctions are drawn between aspirated and unaspirated consonants (p, t, c, ch, and k are aspirated and b, d, z, zh, and g are their unaspirated equivalents) and the use of digraphs (zh, ch, and sh) for retroflex consonants. Pinyin also dispenses with the use of hyphens and reduces use of the juncture symbol (’) to a minimum.

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