Chain Rule

chain rule, in calculus, basic method for differentiating a composite function. If f(x) and g(x) are two functions, the composite function f(g(x)) is calculated for a value of x by first evaluating g(x) and then evaluating the function f at this value of g(x), thus “chaining” the results together; for instance, if f(x) = sin x and g(x) = x², then f(g(x)) = sin x², while g(f(x)) = (sin x)². The chain rule states that the derivative D of a composite function is given by a product, as D(f(g(x))) = Df(g(x)) ∙ Dg(x). In other words, the first factor on the right, Df(g(x)), indicates that the derivative of f(x) is first found as usual, and then x, wherever it occurs, is replaced by the function g(x). In the example of sin x², the rule gives the resultD(sin x²) = Dsin(x²) ∙ D(x²) = (cos x²) ∙ 2x.

In the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s notation, which uses d/dx in place of D and thus allows differentiation with respect to different variables to be made explicit, the chain rule takes the more memorable “symbolic cancellation” form:d(f(g(x)))/dx = df/dg ∙ dg/dx.

The chain rule has been known since Isaac Newton and Leibniz first discovered the calculus at the end of the 17th century. The rule facilitates calculations that involve finding the derivatives of complex expressions, such as those found in many physics applications.