Uniform Distribution

uniform distribution, in statistics, distribution function in which every possible result is equally likely; that is, the probability of each occurring is the same. As one of the simplest possible distributions, the uniform distribution is sometimes used as the null hypothesis, or initial hypothesis, in hypothesis testing, which is used to ascertain the accuracy of mathematical models.

An example of a discrete uniform distribution is the distribution of values obtained in tossing a fair die, which is equally likely to land showing any number from 1 to 6. For continuous uniform distributions over some range, say from a to b, the sum of the probabilities for the entire range must equal 1 (something in the range must occur), and the probability for a value or event within some segment of the total range is equal to that segment’s proportion of the total range. In other words, the probability density function is given by f(x) = 1/(b − a) for a ≤ x ≤b. The mean for a uniform distribution over the range (a, b) is (a + b)/2, and the variance (the square of the standard deviation) is (b − a)/12.