Tyard, Pontus De

Pontus de Tyard, (born c. 1522, Bissy-sur-Fley, Burgundy, Fr.—died Sept. 23, 1605, Bragny-sur-Saône), Burgundian poet and member of the literary circle known as La Pléiade who was a forthright theorist and a popularizer of Renaissance learning for the elite.

Tyard was seigneur (lord) of Bissy-sur-Fley and an associate of the Lyonese poets, especially Maurice Scève. In 1551 he translated León Hebreo’s Dialoghi di amore (“Dialogues of Love”), the breviary of 16th-century philosophic lovers. His poetry collection Erreurs amoureuses (1549; “Mistakes in Love”), which include one of the first French sonnet sequences, also revived the sestina in France. The Erreurs was augmented in successive editions, as was his important prose work, Discours philosophiques (“Philosophical Discourses”), a Neoplatonic encyclopaedia finally completed in 1587. Its first treatise, the Solitaire premier (1552), complements Joachim du Bellay’s Défense et illustration de la langue française (1549), which expounded the theories on poetic diction and language reform of La Pléiade. In 1578 Tyard was given the bishopric of Chalon-sur-Saône, from which he retired in 1594.

In his enthusiasm for enriching the French language and adapting classical imagery and genre, Tyard shared the contempt for the masses felt by his associates. In the Solitaire premier he praised those poets who decorated their verse so richly with the ornaments of antiquity that the ignorant could not comprehend them. He remarked that the purpose of the poet is not to be understood by nor to lower himself to accommodate a popular audience still fond of medieval genres. It was this hauteur and this sense of mission without contact beyond the protective society of the court that caused La Pléiade to shine so briefly and to become within a generation as dead as the Greek poets from whom they took their name.