Wuzhou

Wuzhou, Wade-Giles romanization Wu-chou, formerly (1913–49 periodically) Cangwu, city, eastern Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, southern China. It is situated at the confluence of the Xi River with its northern tributary, the Gui River, just west of the border with Guangdong province. The city occupies a location of strategic and economic importance, dominating the principal route between Guangxi and southwestern China, as well as the Guangzhou (Canton) area to the east along the coast of the South China Sea.

The first county administration was established there in 111 bce under the name of Guangxin. This name was changed to Cangwu in 583 ce. In 621, under the Tang dynasty (618–907), a prefecture named Wuzhou was set up and seated there. It continued as a superior prefecture, also called Wuzhou, under the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911/12) dynasties. In 1952 the county seat (called Cangwu) was transferred to Longyu on the southern bank of the Xi River (west of the present site of Wuzhou), and that town was thereafter called Cangwu.

Until the 12th century, Wuzhou was primarily a garrison town controlling the non-Han Chinese peoples of Guangxi. Han Chinese settlement in the area began on a large scale in the late 12th and 13th centuries, and the section of Guangxi in which Wuzhou is situated is now almost entirely settled by Cantonese-speaking Chinese. Many of the town’s large merchant population are from Guangdong province, a large number of them from Jiangmen, a town with which Wuzhou has always traded by river.

Wuzhou was opened to foreign commerce in 1897, after which a flourishing trade grew up with Germany and the United Kingdom. Industrial growth began in the 1920s and ’30s, when chemical plants that manufactured pharmaceuticals and sulfuric acid were established; however, these plants were almost entirely destroyed during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45).

Although Wuzhou remains an important commercial centre, it no longer has a monopoly of trade from the western areas of Guangxi. Some of those areas around and west of Laibin have been served by railways connecting northward to the system in Hunan province since 1939 and southwestward to Nanning (Guangxi’s capital) and Pingxiang since 1953. Since 1956, moreover, those areas have also had an outlet to the port of Zhanjiang in southwestern Guangdong. Wuzhou’s commercial hinterland now mainly consists of the eastern and northeastern parts of the Guangxi region that are served by its river. The city’s port is accessible by small oceangoing ships of up to 1,000 tons.

The rapid economic expansion of neighbouring Guangdong province since the 1980s has brought new development to Wuzhou, and it has become the largest river port in the Guangxi region. Two major highways in the Wuzhou area have been bridged there across the Xi River, and an airport (completed 1995) provides flights to several regional cities. In addition, a major north-south rail line from Luoyang (Henan province) to Zhanjiang, under construction since 2004, passes through the Wuzhou area.

Industrialization also became an important component of Wuzhou’s economy after 1949. Among the operations are various silk textile factories, chemical works, a large pitch factory, rice mills, sugar refineries, and engineering works (producing agricultural machinery and seamless steel tubes). There is also a ship-repair yard. Pop. (2002 est.) 261,868.